Visual analysis of a work of art from the point of view of form and Essay

Visual analysis of a work of art from the point of view of form and design - Essay Example Thus the title ‘attack’ fits in the place. The feeling carried by the viewer from the title well matches with what the picture tries to say. The person, who picks the stones and passes it on to his fellow protestors, represents the feeling of aggression and unity the weavers had during the protest. Though the contour lines are outlined, it blends into the background in many places adding much to the context. The lines vary in their density representing different features of the picture. When the sharp and uniform lines which formulates the borders of the closed gate in the picture symbolizes the strength against which the weavers fought, on the other side the calligraphic lines with which the weavers are drawn adds life and feelings to the etching. The support which the roughness of the medium provides to the context of the etching is quite evident. The impacts of the hardship faced by the weavers are well supported by this roughness and it reflects the mindset of the weavers as well. The curvatures of the etching too are quite expressive enough for the viewer to understand the relevance of the work. The darkness which reflects in the etching, leads the viewer towards the life and times of the period which is depicted. The hardships and the poverty of the weavers linger in this darkness. Kollwitz has ensured to bring that darkness in the faces of the weavers which well represent the dullness they had in their lives. The gradations in the art inspire the viewer to think on the weavers’ aspiration for prosperity and a better life. The composition of the features is quite oppressive as the balance and the symmetry of the work is understood by the viewer at the cost of few moments. The stretched hand and the hand offering a stone to it prove the harmonious relation in between the features and the historic reality which relates to the background of the artistic work. Thus the diagonals prove to thrust each other. The child in the

Process Managemant Facilitated the more Widespread Implementation of Essay

Process Managemant Facilitated the more Widespread Implementation of Information Systems within Business - Essay Example Today, process management more and more relies on a considerable extent on achieving success through the development of new IS. Process management facilitated implementation of IS within business to ensure that the processes generated by such developments is spread around the business as widely as possible to those who might put it to good use. The research paper is aimed to investigate the main driven theories, values and assumptions that are shaping a usage of IS in process management from 1990s to present, and examine the influence of process management on the degree of IS implementation within business. "Process management is the ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a process, especially in the sense of business process, often confused with reengineering. Process Management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, techniques and systems to define, visualize, measure, control, report and improve processes with the goal to meet customers requirements profitably" (Wikipedia, 2005). Recent years process management implement Information Systems in order to improve quality of the processes and speed. With the changing economic environment, factors such as globalization of markets, international economic integration, removal of barriers to business and trade and increased competition have enhanced the need of high standards in process management. ... e in making or breaking the competitive positioning, and recent development in information technologies and software opens new opportunities for global organizations. Technology may be central to companies adopting a global strategy. "Information systems can be defined as" a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization. In addition to supporting decision making, coordination, and control, information systems may also help managers and workers analyze problems, visualize complex subjects, and create new products" (Boar, 1994). From process management perspective, an information system is an organizational and management solution, based on information technology, to a challenge posed by the environment. Examine this definition closely because it emphasizes the organizational and management nature of information systems: To understand information systems-to be information systems literate as opposed to computer literate-a manager must understand the broader organization, management, and information technology dimensions of systems and their power to provide solutions to challenges and problems in the business environment. With the development of technology and software in particular, IS allows to solve a wider range of problems and tasks by means of computers. In this case, process management software developed at the middle of 1990s helps to connect people in global organization who operate in a distance, and has no opportunity to use printed matters or other sources. That is why it has become an important area for process managers, who are in a strong position to exert influence in this aspect of people management. The popularity of Information Systems in process

Ernest Hemingway Essay Example for Free

Ernest Hemingway Essay Ernest Miller Hemingway was considered one of the great American authors of the 20th century. Hemingways unique style of writing set him apart from other authors of this time and of today. He influenced many generations of authors with his style of using powerful, precise words. He used few adjectives, simple verbs, and short sentences in his works. Hemingway believed that his writing should be based on knowledge that he had acquired on a particular subject through his own personal life. In a passage from Hemingways Death in the Afternoon, he wrote If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. This is in fact why Hemingway wrote most of his novels and stories in the first person point of view. Hemingway was also known for the dialogue he wrote between his characters. This allowed the reader to see his characters emotions and inner thoughts. Ernest Hemingways style challenged readers to look below the surface for the meaning of his words. This was known as the Iceberg Theory because the tip of an iceberg is the only visible portion above the sea while the largest part is far below the sea. The Hemingway hero, a male character who faces violence and destruction with courage, and the Hemingway code, unemotional behavior in difficult and dangerous situations, were also trademarks of Hemingways style. To better understand Ernest Hemingway as an author, one must first look at Hemingway as a person. Ernest Hemingway was born in 1899 in Illinois. As a young boy, Hemingway enjoyed hunting and fishing at the family cabin in rural Michigan. These outings allowed him to gain appreciation for Mother Nature, and to look for adventure in many parts of the world. This love of the outdoors was reflected in many of his writings, such as The Green Hills of Africa published in 1935. During Hemingways high school years, he was editor of the school newspaper. This was the beginning of his writing career. Shortly after graduation, Hemingway went into battle during World War I, where he was an ambulance driver. He became injured and returned to Illinois where he landed a job with the Toronto Star. He became a war correspondent, moved to Paris, and got the opportunity to interview many European political leaders, such as Mussolini. These two events influenced Hemingway to write his first best-seller, A Farewell to Arms, in 1929. Hemingways job, a reporter and journalist, required him to write short and to-the-point articles, which was how he wrote as an author. In 1929, this style of writing led Hemingway to write and publish his first work, Three Stories and Ten Poems. Hemingway the author was born. Ernest Hemingway was married four times. The first two marriages failed because Hemingway was unhappy, the third failed because his wife was unhappy, and the fourth continued until the end of Hemingways life. Hemingway never had a female as the main character in his works. In 1939, Hemingways father committed suicide after battling high blood pressure and diabetes for many years. The painful experience of his fathers death influenced the novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls. Hemingway moved to Cuba in 1945 where he wrote The Old Man and the Sea, a novel about an old fisherman who battled a giant marlin and the sea. This novel won Hemingway a Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, this novel also won Ernest Hemingway the Nobel Prize for Literature. He could not attend the ceremonies because of injuries he received in a near fatal plane crash. Hemingway was forced to move back to the United States in 1960 because of the communist movement led by Fidel Castro. Hemingways health began to deteriate. His injuries from the plane crash prevented him from enjoying his love for the outdoors and his love for writing. Hemingway sank into a state of depression and shot himself, just as his father had done some years earlier. Hemingway had several unfinished works, such as The Garden of Eden and A Moveable Feast, which were published to satisfy the reading public who longed for more of his great style of writing. Hills Like White Elephants and A Clean Well-Lighted Place were two short stories written by Ernest Hemingway during his career as an author. They both show Hemingways ability to entertain the reader with his short, simple well-known style, along with a bit of Hemingways personal beliefs and life. They are short on words, as a journalist would write, but not on the themes, that Hemingway the author wanted to convey to the reader. Hills Like White Elephants was a story about a girl and an American male who were discussing the fate of their unborn child. The story took place in a bar or cafe in Spain. Hemingway made the reader look for the true meaning of the story starting with the title by using symbolism. The story had nothing to do with hills or white elephants, but Hemingways choice of words and his use of dialogue between the two people soon guided the reader to realize that the title represented the real problem being dealt with by the girl and the American. The hills represented the two choices, or decisions, the girl had to make, either keep the baby alive in her womb or have an abortion. The hills might also have represented the difficulties of relationships. One hill is described as fields of grain and trees, or fertile, while the other is described as having no shade and no trees, or barren. The white elephant symbolized the mystery of what life had to offer, or something that nobody wantedthe baby. The dialogue used between the girl and the American showed the reader that the relationship was strained, Just because you say I wouldnt have doesnt prove anything. The American also tried to get the girl to see things his way by saying that the abortion he wanted her to have is perfectly simple. The story was typical of Hemingways Iceberg Theory. There was more going on in the story than just a conversation at a bar. The story was also a bit different from most of Hemingways other works. He seemed to have made the girl more superior than the male, more like a Hemingway hero, and also allowed her to display the Hemingway code, I feel fine. , even though she was faced with a big decision in her life-one that could change it no matter what she chose. A Clean Well-Lighted Place was a story about an old man, a young waiter, and an old waiter. This story also took place in a bar in some Spanish speaking country. The story dealt with the light inside the cafe and the darkness inside the old man. The cafe was a place the old man could escape the darkness, boredom, and nothingness-the Nada, of his life. It is well lit and represented a place the old man could seek comfort. Hemingway used this character to demonstrate that darkness, or death, awaits us all. Again, He used dialogue to let the reader see how the characters emotionally felt. The young waiter was aggravated by the old mans presence and said, I wish he would go home. Hemingway did not give the characters in this short story names because that was not necessary information for the reader. The reader only needed to feel the ideas in the story, Hemingway believed that it was not his name that was important but his words in his works. His concise wording gave the reader a chance to see his characters personalities. The young waiter stated that An old man is a nasty thing. which showed the reader that he had very little respect for the aging. During Hemingways final years, he resembled the old man in the cafe. Both were depressed and Hemingway wrote that he tried to commit suicide. The only difference between them was the old man did not succeed and Hemingway did. This story was also typical of his Iceberg Theory. There was much more going on in the bar than just people drinking. The old man also demonstrated the Hemingway hero and the Hemingway code. He faced death with courage and tried to show little or no emotion about his life ending. Many criticized Ernest Hemingway for his personal and sometimes less than perfect lifestyle, but very few critics can find fault in his literary works. They are works of a brilliant author who was very skilled at what he loved to dowrite. According to the July 7, 1999 issue of Time Magazine, Ernest Hemingway deserved the Nobel Prize for Literature and the trumpets of fame that went with this prestigious honor. He received this award for his best selling novel, The Old Man and the Sea. He broke the bounds of American writing, enriched U. S. Literature ?. and showed new ways to new generations of writers. He was only one of five other American born writers to receive this honor. It also stated that Hemingway wrote this novel over 200 times before he felt it was ready for publication and that perhaps he was his own best critic. The words Hemingway wrote were described as ?. an organic being of their own. Every syllable counts toward a stimulating, entrancing experience of magic and fibrous and athletic, colloquial and fresh, hard and clean. Ernest Hemingway was referred to as an artist and brilliant with whatever words he chose to paint with. Ernest Hemingway was a very interesting person and an enriching author. I enjoyed reading and studying the two short stories, Hills Like White Elephants and A Clean Well-Lighted Place. His style of using dialogue, symbolism, and concise wording made these works a challenge? but a challenge I liked. Hemingway worked timelessly to perfect his writing so that it could be appreciated by readers of all ages? even those of us who thought literature was not for them. Bibliography Ernest (Miller) Hemingway. DISCovering Authors. Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 12 April 2007 http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/SRC Hunt, Douglas. The Riverside Anthology of Literature. Dallas: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991. Kramer, Victor A. Hemingway, Ernest. World Book Online Reference Center. 2007. 12 April 2007. Kunitz, Stanley J. Twentieth Century Authors. New York: The H. W. Wilson Company, 1955. Segall, Mary T. Portals. Philadelphia: Harcourt Brace College, 1999.

Nora And Torvalds Relationship English Literature Essay

Nora And Torvalds Relationship English Literature Essay A Dolls House is a play written by the dramatist Henrik Ibsen in three acts. Throughout the play, his effective use of minor characters such as Dr. Rank, his illness, death and relationship with the main protagonist, Nora Helmer serves a symbolic purpose towards Nora and her husbands relationship. The play is set in the 19th century which makes it out to be controversial and critical of the marriage norms of the time due to the way Ibsen portrays certain characters values and morals. Ibsen critiques the cultural norms through the play and its characters by asking more questions than answering them. As A Dolls House progresses, problems associated with obligations, values and gender roles which took place in a typical upper-middle class society of the time arise. At a first glance, Torvalds best friend, Dr. Rank comes across as one of the minor characters in the play who shows to be unconcerned with what others think of him. What shows significance in Dr. Ranks character is when he is noted for his calm and stoic acceptance towards his ill-fate, of how he is incurably diseased and is dying. This characteristic of Dr. Rank also shows to be in contrast to most of the other characters in the play such as Nora and Trovald. He also is portrayed as honest and sincere. Dr. Rank comes across as an extraneous character in as he does not further into the plot as much as Nil Krogstad and Mrs. Linde. However, he may be portrayed as a symbolic figure for many messages that Ibsen wished to illustrate throughout A Dolls House regarding the social and cultural expectations of the 19th century. Firstly, Ranks character may symbolize moral corruption within society. On the other hand, because of the many sincere and humble aspects of his character, that view upon him is highly debatable. Furthermore, although Ibsens use of Rank does not meddle with the main conflict or climax, this minor character plays a role which is also symbolic towards Nora and Torvalds marriage, which is the main aspect and focus of A Dolls House. Moreover, Ibsens use of the name Rank may be a clever technique which creates irony as his name creates contradiction towards the way his character is shown in the play as none of the other characters consider him of high thought. Dr. Ranks presence in the play also creates a contrast between the way Trovald and himself treat Nora through the way he acts towards her. Dr. Rank first appears during Nora and Mrs. Lindes conversation and there is an obvious contrast between the way he treats Nora and the way Torvald treats Nora. Ranks treatment of Nora is that of an adult, whilst Torvalds is of a child. Further into the play, it can be seen how Nora feels comfortable in Ranks presence and shares insight on personal details about herself that she would think twice before sharing with Torvald. At one point in the play, she admits to Dr. Rank: Torvald is very like being with papa. (196), which shows how Nora is completely herself around Ranks company-and how Rank treats her with dignity, something that lacks in Torvalds treatment of her. This quote also contributes to the theme of honour as she does not wish to further dishonour Torvald any more than she already has, as honour is of overwhelming importance to Torvald and it is what motivates his behaviour towards Nora in the first place. Therefore, Nora does not feel comfortable enough to share the same thoughts with her husband that she is able to share with Rank. Nora also states at one point, In the early days [Torvald] used to get quite jealous if I even mentioned people Id like back at home, so of course I gave it up. But I often talk to Dr. Rank, because, you see, he likes to hear about them (184) this shows how Dr. Rank and Noras very friendly relationship with one another also allows further understanding of Nora and Torvalds marriage as it shows the distance that lies between them. Rank is also able to help Nora in understanding her self-worth, which contributes to the theme of growth and development of her as a character as he indirectly influences her future decisions on whether or not being with Torvald is the right decision to make albeit the social pressures and expectations of society she is a part of at the time. Another significant aspect of Ranks character is he is important in revealing things about other characters as the story progresses. At one point in the play, he tells Nora, Helmers too sensitive to be able to face anything ugly-I wont have him in my sick-room (191). This shows how Rank does not trust Torvald to be there, but he trusts Nora. This also shows how Rank is well aware of how Torvald reacts to certain unfortunate situations, and it shows a paradoxical shift in the role that Nora had been portrayed in with how Torvald is being portrayed at this point in the play, because Torvald is the one who is being portrayed as a child-like character. Statements like this made by Rank about Torvald also shows how Torvald may have been the sheltered one in his marriage from Nora, which contributes to the theme of deception. Dr. Ranks progressive illness may also plays of a symbolic purpose to interpret Nora and Torvalds relationship as ceasing. At the same time, Nora faces conflict with herself and in her marriage with Torvald as she is restricted from being herself. Rank tells Nora, I shall send you my card with a black cross on it and then youll know that my disgusting end has begun, (191) which shows foreshadowing towards not only the end of Dr. Ranks life, but also towards the end of Nora and Torvalds marriage. Although Dr. Rank may be portrayed as a minor character in A Dolls House, his role as his character is crucial in terms of understanding the plot. This is because the functions that Dr. Rank performs as a character allows the play to progress and develop whilst including connections with him and other factors which allow the readers a fair view on the personalities of the characters, specifically Nora and Torvald. The most significant function of Dr. Rank in the play is when he influences Nora to evolve and grow by breaking down the pressures of society that Nora is conflicted against-this is linked to one of the main themes of A Dolls House, which is growth. Dr. Rank is not only a symbolic figure for Nora and Torvalds ceasing relationship, but his illness also symbolises the corruption of society. Towards the end of the play, when he sends the letter to Nora and Torvald, it is received at the same time as Krogstads letter. This is a clever technique used by Ibsen as it shows a connection between Dr. Ranks death and Noras ceasing relationship with Torvald, because right after the letters from Dr. Rank have been read, she lets Torvald read the letter from Krogstad which foreshadows the end of their marriage. This wraps up the entire play well as Dr. Ranks death is not only symbolic for the deterioration of society, but Ibsen uses him as a strong symbolic representation for the death of Nora and Torvalds marriage. PART 1 WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT LANGUAGE A-LITERATURE HL A: Fulfilling the requirements of the reflective statement. To what extent does the student show how their understanding of cultural and contextual elements was developed through the interactive oral? NOTE: The word limit for the reflective statement is 300-400 words. If the word limit is exceeded, 1 mark will be deducted. B: Knowledge and understanding How effectively has the student used the topic and the essay to show knowledge and understanding of the chosen work? C: Appreciation of the writers choices- To what extent does the student appreciate how the writers choices of language, structure, technique and style shape meaning? D: Organization and development How effectively have the ideas been organized, and how well are the references to the works integrated into the development of the ideas? NOTE: The word limit for the essay 1200-1500 words. If the word limit is exceeded, 2 marks will be deducted. E: Language How clear, varied and accurate is the language? How appropriate is the choice of register, style and terminology? (Register refers, in this context, to the students use of elements such as vocabulary, tone, sentence structure and terminology appropriate to the task). 0 The work does not reach a standard described by the descriptors below. 0 The work does not reach a standard described by the descriptors below. 0 The work does not reach a standard described by the descriptors below. 0 The work does not reach a standard described by the descriptors below. 0 The work does not reach a standard described by the descriptors below. 1 Reflection on the interactive oral shows superficial development of the students understanding of cultural and contextual elements. 1-2 The essay shows some knowledge but little understanding of the work used for the assignment 1-2 There is some mention, but little appreciation, of the ways in which language, structure, technique and style shape meaning. 1 There is some attempt to organize ideas, but little use of examples from the works used. 1 Language is rarely clear and appropriate; there are many errors in grammar, vocabulary and sentence construction, and little sense of register and style. 2 Reflection on the interactive oral shows some development of the students understanding of cultural and contextual elements. 3-4 The essay shows knowledge and understanding of, and some insight into, the work used for the assignment. 3-4 There is adequate appreciation of the ways in which language, structure, technique and style shape meaning. 2 Ideas are superficially organized and developed, with some integrated examples from the works used. 2 Language is sometimes clear and carefully chosen; grammar construction is fairly accurate, although errors and inconsistencies are apparent; the register and style are to some extent appropriate to the task. 3 Reflection on the interactive oral shows development of the students understanding of cultural and contextual elements. 5-6 The essay shows detailed knowledge and understanding of, and perceptive insight into, the work used for the assignment. 5-6 There is excellent appreciation of the ways in which language, structure, technique and style shape meaning. 3 Ideas are adequately organized and developed, with appropriately integrated examples from the works used. 3 Language is clear and carefully chosen, with an adequate degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and sentence construction despite some lapses; register and style are mostly appropriate to the task. 4 Ideas are effectively organized and developed, with well-integrated examples from the works used. 4 Language is clear and carefully chosen, with a good degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and sentence construction; register and style are consistently appropriate to the task. 5 Ideas are persuasively organized and developed, with effectively integrated examples from the works used. 5 Language is very clear, effective, carefully chosen and precise, with a high degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and sentence construction; register and style are effective and appropriate to the task.

An Analysisi of Guy de Maupassants the Necklace Essay -- essays rese

Guy de Maupassant's "The Necklace" During the course of Guy de Maupassant's short story "The Necklace," the main character, Matilda Loisel, makes a number of ironic discoveries. In addition, there are other discoveries that the reader makes but Matilda does not. The discovery that forms the story's climax concerns the true nature of the necklace she has borrowed from her friend Mrs. Forestier. But this is perhaps not the most important lesson of this story. As the story opens, Matilda, a young middle-class wife who aspires to join the upper ranks of society, is finally invited to a high-society affair given by her husband's employer. Hoping to impress her guests and thus "fit in", she borrows a beautiful diamond necklace from her friend Madame Forestier. Unfortunately, during the course of the evening, the necklace is lost. Rather than confront her friend directly with the story of her carelessness, she and her husband scrape together every bit of money they can. As de Maupassant explains, "[Mr.] Loisel possessed eighteen thousand franks which his father had left him. He borrowed the rest. He borrowed it, asking for a thousand francs of one, five hundred of another, five louis of this one, and three louis of that one. He gave notes, made ruinous promises, took money of usurers and the whole race of lenders. He compromised his whole existence, in fact, risked his signature without even knowing whether he could make it good or not, and, ha...

Benefits of the US- Chile Free Trade Agreement :: essays research papers

Benefits of the US- Chile Free Trade Agreement The meeting of minds between Chile and the United States has brought about a long awaited union pertaining to free trade. Chile responded enthusiastically when presented with the opportunity to become a part of 1994's North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) but because of the issue of presidential fast-track trade negotiation authority, the merger did not come to fruition. Now, nearly a decade later -- after negotiations began in the year 2000 -- Chile and America have come to their own agreement with regard to free trade, one that is both historic and comprehensive in nature. On September 3, 2003, President George W. Bush signed the United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Which went into effect on January 1, 2004. Chile was the first country in Latin America to sign this type of agreement with the United States. The United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement allows two nations to strengthen and develop economic relations and to establish free trade between them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Chile, resolve to: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strengthen the special bonds of friendship and cooperation between their nations (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contribute to the harmonious development and expansion of world trade and provide catalyst to broader international cooperation. (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Create an expanded and secure market for the goods and services produced in their territories. (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Avoid distortions in their reciprocal trade. (e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish clear and mutually advantageous rules governing their trade. (f)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ensure a predictable commercial framework for business planning and investment. (g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build on their respective rights and obligations under the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization and other multilateral and bilateral instruments of cooperation. (h)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enhance the competitiveness of their firms in global markets. (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foster creativity and innovation, promote trade in goods and services that are the subject of intellectual property rights. (j)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Create new employment opportunities and improve working conditions and living standards in the respected territories. (k)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build on their respective international commitments and strengthen their cooperation on labor matters. (l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Protect and enhance and enforce basic workers’ rights. (m)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Implement this agreement in a matter consistent with environmental protection and conservation. (n)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promote sustainable development. (o)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conserve protect and improve the environment, including through managing natural resources in their respective territories and through multilateral environmental agreements to which they are both parties. (p)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preserve their flexibility to safeguard the public welfare; and (q)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contribute to hemispheric integration and the fulfillment of the objectives of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (http://www. Benefits of the US- Chile Free Trade Agreement :: essays research papers Benefits of the US- Chile Free Trade Agreement The meeting of minds between Chile and the United States has brought about a long awaited union pertaining to free trade. Chile responded enthusiastically when presented with the opportunity to become a part of 1994's North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) but because of the issue of presidential fast-track trade negotiation authority, the merger did not come to fruition. Now, nearly a decade later -- after negotiations began in the year 2000 -- Chile and America have come to their own agreement with regard to free trade, one that is both historic and comprehensive in nature. On September 3, 2003, President George W. Bush signed the United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Which went into effect on January 1, 2004. Chile was the first country in Latin America to sign this type of agreement with the United States. The United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement allows two nations to strengthen and develop economic relations and to establish free trade between them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Chile, resolve to: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strengthen the special bonds of friendship and cooperation between their nations (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contribute to the harmonious development and expansion of world trade and provide catalyst to broader international cooperation. (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Create an expanded and secure market for the goods and services produced in their territories. (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Avoid distortions in their reciprocal trade. (e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish clear and mutually advantageous rules governing their trade. (f)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ensure a predictable commercial framework for business planning and investment. (g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build on their respective rights and obligations under the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization and other multilateral and bilateral instruments of cooperation. (h)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enhance the competitiveness of their firms in global markets. (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foster creativity and innovation, promote trade in goods and services that are the subject of intellectual property rights. (j)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Create new employment opportunities and improve working conditions and living standards in the respected territories. (k)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build on their respective international commitments and strengthen their cooperation on labor matters. (l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Protect and enhance and enforce basic workers’ rights. (m)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Implement this agreement in a matter consistent with environmental protection and conservation. (n)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promote sustainable development. (o)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conserve protect and improve the environment, including through managing natural resources in their respective territories and through multilateral environmental agreements to which they are both parties. (p)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preserve their flexibility to safeguard the public welfare; and (q)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contribute to hemispheric integration and the fulfillment of the objectives of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (http://www.

Civilization in Africa

The era of African civilization is a pre-colonial history of 16,000 BC through 1800. Africa is well known with diversity of culture and many colonial masters. The civilization ranges widely from the social and cultural points of view. It does not exclude the technology and the economy.From an objective overview, it shall be demonstrated that histories and civilization of Africa since 1800 is a clue to understanding the essential roles played by the African people and continent as a whole in the genealogy of human race. The topic – civilization in Africa is inexhaustible. We shall consider each heading in brief.IntroductionAfrica is a large continent of immense population tribes and size, almost covering a whole twelve million squares landscape in miles. This distance is times three of the United States of America. Majority of the land mass is situated along the globe tropics. Others are rain forests, tropical forest comprising less than ten percent of the continent.Much of its surface is enveloped by open grassland, Savanna’s forestation, dry plain land and deserts. In geographical and geological terms, Africa is formed by numerous â€Å"high plateaus broken in the east by the Great Rift Valley and the mountains that surround it; large rivers – River Congo, River Nile, River Zambezi, and River Niger.Begin in the interior of the continent and flow to the sea over the great falls and cataracts; this marks the channel from the plateau down the coast†.The Ghana EmpireColonized in the southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali, and Eastern Senegal. It began in the 8th century with a dramatic drift in Sahel economy area southern Sahara. Initially, camel was introduced. This preceded Muslims and Islam centuries ago. Later, there was introduction evolutional trade, extensive gold, ivory, and salt resources.These were sent to North Africa, Middle East and Europe in an exchange or other needed manufactured goods and commodities. The success of the empire was connected in addition to aforesaid exchange, from rich â€Å"trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt†. They gain control over other lucrative trades. In addition to its success, Ghana could harbor army of over 200,000 soldiers.The Mali EmpireFounded by Sundiata Keita, and reigns from 1235 to 1600. Otherwise known as Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa. Of importance are the cultural influences Mali Empire had on West Africa in â€Å"terms of language, laws and customs.† Kouroukan Fouga reigned in Mali Empire with a notable social and economic reform, relieving mal-handled slaves, encouraging women in power.Mansa Mari reigned conquered several icons in Mali empire. With this, he ruled a larger realm that out ways that o Ghana Empire, extending over a thousand miles east to west. Having unified Manden, Mari added â€Å"Wagara goldfields† among the conquered lands were northern commercial towns Oulata and Audaghost. Mali Empire was indeed great.The Mutapa Empir eSimply means â€Å"conquered land†. The empire was created by Rozi o the modern-day Shonans. â€Å"The founder of the ruling dynasty was Mbire, a semi-mythical potentate active in the 13th century. Mbire's purported great-great-grandson Nyatsimba was the first ruler to assume the title of the â€Å"owner of the Conquered Lands and Peoples.†Mutapa Empire survived based on the Chinaware and fabrics were exchanged for luxurious gold before the states collapsed and moved to Mount Fura. Portuguese attempted to overpower Shona but failed (Fernand Braudel).CivilizationAgricultureOwing that the first domesticated cultivations were sorghums and millets, the origin of agricultural civilization is traced far to the West Asia. The channel of agricultural transportation is marked to have gone via the Egypt or Ethiopia; they both had contact with the Red Sea. The agricultural civilization is traced far as 3000 B.C.The dissertation of Sahara, moving people to the south sub-Saharan African provides a sustained fish farming for livelihood. African began to plant and develop its own crops. This did not still exclude warn reception on import foods from neighboring continent in addendum. The foundational area for African crops’ domestication ranges between Ethiopia through the southern Sudan to West Africa.The success of earlier crops gave confidence to planting other cash crops such as bananas which were introduced from the Southern Asia. In 16th century, maize, manioc, apples and other crops spread through the land from America.Livestock rearing also originated from outside the African continent. Cattle for example were introduced from Asia. Horses spread across Sudan to West Africa from West Asia through the Hyksos – invader in Egypt. Live stock serves a mean of survival in the arid region of Savanna belt and the Sahara.The spread of cattle were significantly limited by tsetse fly in certain part of Africa. The fly is a carrier of causative organi sm causing sleeping sickness. According to experts, â€Å"the tsetse flourished in wet lowlands areas below the sea level of 3300 feet, and it severely limited pastoralism and also hindered the use of animals for farming and transport as away of life in large areas of West and central Africa.†Technological driftThe civilization of Africa recorded a technological shift from technology of stone to technology of iron. The shifting earlier passed sequentially through the stages of copper and bronze metallurgy. The Phoenicians transported the knowledge of iron smelting technology from Near East and Anatolia of Africa to their colonies.The knowledge of iron smelting had been in existence for over a thousand years B. C. From here, iron technology migrated to the Western Europe. Some of the evidences of iron technology originating in Africa still remain in substantial part of Nigeria culture, Ghana, and Mali.In the uncivilized African, iron symbolized a possession of Power. The black smith made tools and weapons from iron, the possessions of which confirm the owners an important place in the society.America received late development in metallurgy. In the present civilized Africa, Africans have found a better use in making cutleries, utensils and as a mean of revenue generation fro exportation.EconomyAfricans usually inhabit a small enclosure with poor sanitation. This owing to the poor economy condition led to numerous avoidable and preventable prevailing diseases. The politics of importing raw materials to finance the economy and develop Africa worried the colonial masters.The first colonial response was rather a move to separate Africans from Asians and Europeans, and establish control laws, hence, the establishment of apartheid policy in South Africa in 1950. This policy later spread to Nairobi, Harare, Lusaka.With the dragging economic recession over years in the past, prices of African exporting products fell drastically, leading to a pronounced economic do wnturn and crisis. Leaderships of Africa lend a helping hand from civilized continents to salvage the suffering masses.With the knowledge, the mining companies for example began to prefer permanent workers, authorities changed some stiff policies to effect change and facilitate development.The new policies mainly strengthened the land control by individuals, city growth and by and large make life easier for a better administration. Sequel to the introduction of the apartheid policies, the urban migration received a boost of 3.3% and an overall of 4.6% in Africa. Some challenges that the policy is regionally limited.  The growth in economy further encouraged many other civilization agenda Africa. Social amenities and services, including primary schools, secondary schools, and even some tertiary institutions were built close to the end of the colonial era.With the collective support and the regain of economic depression in 1930, infrastructures were developed to meet the peculiar ne ed of the people/masses. These were road constructions, electricity grid erection, and provision of borehole water among others.EducationGradually in early 90s, African begins to travel around the world in search of westernization. The discovery of western education has been a major brake through in the continent.Through education, African became significantly independent to take care of her own health, though with the limited power to manufacture drugs and equipment. The advent of information and technology in the present civilized Africa is a dividend of academic liberation from ignorance and hard life.ConclusionBut for civilization, hard ship and sufferings would amount a gradual extinct of the human source itself- the African land. On the scale of development many grounds are yet to be conquered for African dependent. Over 60% of Africans’ daily needs are still based on importation, the huge debt to World Bank and IMF is an economic enslavement that speaks loud of underde veloped and yet civilized Africa.When will Africa and the entire black race be free of bad leadership that failed to focus on the pertinent needs in the interest of its economy? When will our mother land that gave birth to nations be redeemed from gradual abstract extinction? With a civilized utilization of African abundant natural resources, the room is widely open to absorbed awaiting development and full civilization.ReferencesLobell, Jarrett (July/August 2002). â€Å"Etruscan Pompeii†. Archaeological Institute of America 55 (4). Retrieved on September 2007.Libourel, Anthony, Jan (1973). â€Å"A Battle of Uncertain Outcome in the Second Samnite War†. American Journal of Philosophy 94 (1): 71. Retrieved on Sep. 2007Diamond, Jared (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. Norton.